![]() The Mission San Francisco de los Tejas was completed near the Hasinai village of Nabedaches in May 1690, in what is now Houston County, East Texas. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word táyshaʼ ( /tʼajʃaʔ/) 'friend', was applied, in the spelling Tejas or Texas, by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, specifically the Hasinai Confederacy, the final -s representing the Spanish plural. Traveling from east to west, terrain ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, to the desert and mountains of the Big Bend. Most population centers are in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. in state export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product.ĭue to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including tourism, agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. As of 2022, it has the most Fortune 500 company headquarters (53) in the United States. Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry during the mid-20th century. Ultimately, the discovery of major petroleum deposits ( Spindletop in particular) initiated an economic boom that became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century. In the later 19th century, cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. Before and after the Civil War, the cattle industry-which Texas came to dominate-was a major economic driver and created the traditional image of the Texas cowboy. Historically, four major industries shaped the Texas economy prior to World War II: cattle and bison, cotton, timber, and oil. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. Following victory by the United States, Texas remained a slave state until the American Civil War, when it declared its secession from the Union in early 1861 before officially joining the Confederate States of America on March 2. The state's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican–American War in 1846. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state. Following a short-lived colony controlled by France, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming the Republic of Texas. Spain was the first European country to claim and control the area of Texas. The term " six flags over Texas" is a colloquial term used in reference to the nations that have ruled over the territory. Its capital city is Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U.S. The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and the Texas state seal. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and Greater Houston areas are the nation's fourth and fifth-most populous urban regions respectively. state by both area (after Alaska) and population (after California). Covering 268,596 square miles (695,660 km 2), and with over 30 million residents as of 2023, it is the second-largest U.S. Texas has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. ![]() It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest. Texas ( / ˈ t ɛ k s ə s/ TEK-səss, locally also / ˈ t ɛ k s ɪ z/ TEK-siz Spanish: Texas or Tejas, pronounced ) is the most populous state in the South Central region of the United States.
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